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Pre-Islamic Era:

• 5th Century CE: Known as Yathrib, Medina was a flourishing oasis town, home to various Arab tribes and Jewish settlements.

Prophetic Arrival:

• 622 CE: The significant Hijrah (migration) of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) from Mecca to Medina marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. Yathrib is renamed ‘Medinat-un-Nabi’ (City of the Prophet), which is later shortened to Medina.

Battles and Treaties:

• 624 CE: The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Muslims and the Quraysh of Mecca.

• 625 CE: The Battle of Uhud takes place near Medina.

• 627 CE: The Battle of the Trench, where Medina’s residents dig a trench around the city to defend against the Meccan army.

• 628 CE: Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, a pivotal peace agreement between the Muslims and the Meccans.

Expansion and Development:

• 630 CE: After the conquest of Mecca, many delegations from Arabian tribes visit Medina, leading to rapid expansion of the Muslim community.

• 632 CE: The passing of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). He is buried in his chamber next to the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi.

Post-Prophetic Era:

• 656-661 CE: Medina becomes the political center during the Caliphate of Ali.

• Early 8th Century: Umayyad Caliphate introduces architectural and infrastructural developments to the city.

Ottoman Era:

• 16th-20th Century: Under Ottoman rule, significant architectural contributions are made to Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, including the iconic green dome over the Prophet’s tomb.

Modern Era:

• • 20th-21st Century: Medina witnesses rapid urban development while preserving its historical and religious sites. The establishment of institutions like the Dar Al Madinah Museum ensures the city’s rich history is accessible to all.